However, as part of the approval and testing process by the Explosives Branch, ERD requires that information be submitted to ensure that the explosive can be safely used as recommended by the manufacturer. This guideline, in conjunction with the Authorization and Classification of Explosives document, outlines the requirements to be met by a manufacturer who applies for approval of an explosive and, when applicable, its use only with manufacturer-specified system components.
The Explosives Regulatory Division ERD may periodically request samples or undertake audits to validate the continuing authorization of the articles on the Canadian list of authorized explosives.
Audits are used to assess the effectiveness of the quality control system, identify its weaknesses, risks and areas needing improvement, and to ensure that products comply with the specifications and performance results as supplied to obtain authorization.
A request for authorization of explosives covered by this standard includes the submission of the application form PDF, kb available from the ERD website , with the information requested on the application form, and all additional information on the explosive in question requested in this document, including any test data generated by the manufacturer, commercial test agency and national competent authority test agencies such as the Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory CERL.
How the submission will be evaluated is described in sections 7 and 8 of the Authorization and Classification of Explosive s document. The submission is a legal declaration to the Government of Canada in order to obtain authorization. It is the first indication of the care a company exercises in achieving a product of acceptable quality. Poor submissions do affect perception. A list of all the articles in the submission by name, preferably with an identifying part number, is required.
Note that any testing in support of the UN classification should be supplied for review, and that acceptable test results from another test facility may be accepted in lieu of testing at CERL for these tests.
Refer to Table 1 section 4 for characteristics and test results to be supplied by the manufacturer. This policy limits the use of waste oil to waste oil generated at a mine site and ensures that oil from all types of sources is not used unless the composition and the source are known and characterized. Accordingly, the following requirements apply to the sources of waste oil:. If some components of a multi-component explosive assembly are purchased from another source e. ERD will decide whether a separate testing scheme for the outsourced material will be required.
Provide a summary that describes field test and use results obtained, in Canada or abroad, from any trial or commercial use prior to the authorization application. This summary and supporting information will be used to determine which category of authorization is appropriate for a product and system.
For example, products having extensive satisfactory test and commercial use experience are much more likely to be considered for authorization for an unlimited period than products with only test experience and no commercial experience.
Similarly, prototype products and systems with no field use might only be considered for provisional authorization for a specified period, and then only when submitted by companies known to ERD and known to have an established product development protocol which demonstrates reliability before actual field trials and results are available.
Submissions requesting authorization for an unspecified period should summarize field use results such as:. Similarly, submissions requesting provisional authorization for a specified period would be expected to generate similar information during the specified period. When little or no usage or field-test data is available, then prototype products and systems or new products similar to those already authorized by a company may only be considered for provisional authorization for a specified period.
The conditions and specified period applied to the authorization would be based on factors such as:. Submissions for provisional authorization for a specified period would be expected to include similar information to that described in paragraph 2. This section describes the requirements for the acceptance of a submission and the sample selection methodology. Tolerances for each ingredient in an explosive, which are expressed as a percentage of the total explosive, shall not exceed the following:.
The tolerances above do not apply to the following products, they will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis:. All declared ingredients must be present. Ingredients not declared must not be present at a level exceeding 0.
Tolerances for charge weights for the various sizes of packaged products may be set by the company. The labelling and markings on packages must conform to the requirements of the Explosives Regulations. Packaging must comply with the requirements of the Explosives Regulations and with the specifications set out in the most recent National Standard of Canada entitled Packaging of Explosives Class 1 for Transportation.
Not all articles need to be tested. Large submissions are sampled and the acceptance of the submission depends on the behaviour of the sample. New products similar to existing ones from established and known companies may be authorized by analogy to existing products of that company.
The choice to sample rests with the inspector and depends on factors such as past experience, history of complaints, and availability of articles from the same company to use as analogues, or the time elapsed since articles from the company were last tested.
The description of sampling below represents a typical minimum sampling requirement. Inspectors may decide that additional samples are needed to better evaluate a submission. The sample quantity for all other high explosives oil and gas well explosives, binary explosives and plastic explosives will be determined after a review of the submission for authorization and test data available for the explosive.
Applicable test limits reflect normal or routine conditions for transport, storage or use and do not reflect extreme limits at which failures or malfunctions can be reasonably explained. In addition, ERD only accepts samples that have been prepared and supplied by the company itself. For these reasons, any failure or malfunction will be carefully and critically reviewed by the inspector; and since in general any defect involving testing of any important attributes constitutes failure of the article, explanations will only be considered if justified and sound.
Section 6. This section describes more specifically the basis under which explosives will be given a classification and authorization. When samples are sent to CERL for product testing, they should preferably be shipped in their intended packaging with the appropriate labeling and instructions.
Note that all packaging for shipping must comply with TDG regulations. Table 1 summarizes the requirements for blasting explosives in bulk and packaged form, indicating the specific tests required for each type of product.
Table 2 summarizes the tests, indicating the origin of the test and the test criteria for blasting explosives. The tests for authorization of blasting explosives are based on the requirements detailed in the Explosives Regulations.
The actual tests and test criteria originated from three sources:. The CEN and CERL tests focus on ensuring the safety of products for manufacturing, storage and handling, while the UN tests are more concerned with classification of the products for transportation.
The symbol "-" in the UN test criteria means a result where no reaction explosion, ignition or in certain cases a rise in temperature was observed. Table 3 summarizes the requirements for shaped charges and perforating guns, indicating the specific tests required for each type of product. Table 4 summarizes the tests, indicating the origin of each test and test criteria for the explosives types listed in Table 3. Not cartridged. Does not necessarily include explosives in drums, bins, tote bags, etc.
Must be "-" by the criteria in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria no fire or explosion in any of 3 trials of the test. Determine potential for mass explosion of contents of package as a result of functioning of packaged article — UN 6 a. Must be "-" by the criteria in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria no evidence that the entire contents exploded practically simultaneously.
Determine potential for propagation from package to package as a result of functioning of packaged article — UN 6 b. Must be "-" by the criteria in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria no evidence that propagation from package to package occurred. Determine if hazardous effects outside of package occur as a result of accidental functioning — UN 6 d Footnote 6.
CEN Standard EN Explosives for civil uses - High explosives - Part 1: Requirements if the manufacturer claims that the explosive can be used at temperatures or pressures outside the ranges of validity of the standard tests, the tests shall be conducted at those temperatures. CERL will prepare the sensitized product from unsensitized products. Instructions for sensitizing must be supplied with the application. UN tests are used to determine compatibility group for example, A versus D , and the compatibility group is assigned based on the table in the model regulations.
Fume class is not assigned by the Chief Inspector of Explosives. Instead, companies are required to submit an oxygen balance calculation for explosives intended for use underground, which will be required to meet the standard as detailed in Table 2. Commercial explosives must have an oxygen balance close to 0 in order to minimize the amount of toxic gases. This calculation is to be done for the formulation variances within the stated tolerance. Boosters will be exempt from this requirement, since their contribution to the total amount of explosives in a blast is small.
When explosives are properly used, an oxygen balance close to 0 correlates well with low fume generation. The oxygen balance calculation is intended for explosives which are used underground where humans may be present after blasting.
For the third criterion, chemicals judged independent in syntheses I were assigned a higher priority, and those judged dependent D were assigned a lower. The committee sorted the chemicals into three groups based on whether they met the conditions of the higher priority for one, two, or three criteria. The committee placed chemicals that met the conditions of a higher priority for three criteria in Group A; for two criteria in Group B; and for one criterion in Group C.
The final evaluation is provided in Table Coincidently, the precursor chemicals sorted into three groups of almost equal size. In this study, the committee chose to conduct an in-depth examination of the Group A precursor chemicals. UAN is considered a relatively new product with limited geographical distribution, but commercially available.
There is a well-documented history of explosives production from analogous urea-nitrate salt solutions used in Iraq. While UAN has not been used historically to produce explosives, the ease of producing various explosives from nitrating urea solutions, as seen in Iraq, supports the notion of UAN as a future threat and justifies its inclusion in Group A. There is an additional caveat for certain precursor chemicals insofar as they come in a diverse range of concentrations when contained in commercial products or bulk mixtures.
While some control strategies specify concentration thresholds see Chapters 3 and 4 , the lack of a scientific consensus on what those thresholds are precluded the committee from including concentration thresholds in the prioritized table Table Looking at the trend in Table , more bombing incidents are reporting smaller charge mass sizes, consistent with PBIEDs.
Every chemical in Table is viewed as a viable precursor chemical and a viable threat, whether it has been sorted into Group A, B, or C. Group ranking is. Continuous reevaluation of the precursors is encouraged by the committee, as some of the rankings may change over time with an evolving threat environment. The committee concentrated its efforts on Group A chemicals when examining the supply chains and existing controls, both discussed in Chapter 3.
Improvised explosive devices IEDs are a type of unconventional explosive weapon that can be deployed in a variety of ways, and can cause loss of life, injury, and property damage in both military and civilian environments.
Terrorists, violent extremists, and criminals often choose IEDs because the ingredients, components, and instructions required to make IEDs are highly accessible. In many cases, precursor chemicals enable this criminal use of IEDs because they are used in the manufacture of homemade explosives HMEs , which are often used as a component of IEDs. Many precursor chemicals are frequently used in industrial manufacturing and may be available as commercial products for personal use.
Guides for making HMEs and instructions for constructing IEDs are widely available and can be easily found on the internet. Other countries restrict access to precursor chemicals in an effort to reduce the opportunity for HMEs to be used in IEDs. Restricting access to precursor chemicals might contribute to reducing the threat of IED attacks and in turn prevent potentially devastating bombings, save lives, and reduce financial impacts.
Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals prioritizes precursor chemicals that can be used to make HMEs and analyzes the movement of those chemicals through United States commercial supply chains and identifies potential vulnerabilities. This report examines current United States and international regulation of the chemicals, and compares the economic, security, and other tradeoffs among potential control strategies.
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Get This Book. Visit NAP. Looking for other ways to read this? No thanks. Page 24 Share Cite. Page 25 Share Cite. The committee chose to highlight the events in the table for one or more of three reasons: events were either high-profile terrorist attacks that garnered appreciable political or public attention, or struck high-profile U. Page 26 Share Cite.
Page 27 Share Cite. Page 28 Share Cite. Page 29 Share Cite. Charge Size Analysis Not all precursor chemicals can be used to make the main charges for every bombing scenario. Page 30 Share Cite. Page 31 Share Cite. Food products include flour and icing sugar. For a fuller list of food products, refer to Figure Fuels include diesel and saw dust. Page 32 Share Cite. Generating a Short List of Precursor Chemicals Every exercise in prioritization, including this winnowing process, has an inherent degree of subjectivity.
Page 33 Share Cite. Application of the Criteria to Precursor Chemicals The committee assigned each chemical either a higher or lower priority for each criterion.
The use of explosive materials by criminals and terrorist groups poses a significant threat in every country. Endangering public safety Attacks using explosives and chemicals endanger public safety on a large-scale, and can severely impact the economic and political stability of countries.
Prevent, prepare, respond. It includes individuals responsible for major terrorist bombing incidents around the world. Related documents.
Chemical Warfare Agents. Explosive Precursor Chemicals. See also. Global Congress. Project Watchmaker.
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