The planning system has tried to establish some interpretation of sense for the public good … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Conviviality is a popular concept in urban design while referring to the good qualities of public spaces.
This concept is the need for current times when social life in physical public spaces is … Expand. Highly Influenced. View 4 excerpts, cites background. Public spaces are the backbone of cities and the way we experience urbanity. At the same time, the idea of public space is considerably larger than its mere spatial dimension and includes important … Expand.
Growing public spaces in the city: Community gardening and the making of new urban environments of publicness. The demise of public space in cities across the Global North has received considerable scrutiny from urban scholars in recent years, with accounts of the loss, privatisation and increased regulation … Expand. View 3 excerpts, cites background.
Two arguments have recently strongly influenced the theory and practice of planning: i public space is what basically characterises any city the citizen's right to the city is first and foremost a … Expand.
In this study, we explore the recognition of publicness as understood by everyday users of public space. By analyzing news articles in South Korea selected from 1 January , to 31 December , … Expand. Desire lines and defensive architecture in modern urban environments.
Public space is being increasingly managed by defensive architecture, surveillance and other subtle filtering mechanisms to make it more palatable and attendant to the needs of capital. By the late s, America would be paving roads. One of the first was Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D. Today in America, most of our roadways and streets are paved with asphalt concrete.
Asphalt concrete is a simple product in appearance produced primarily by adding asphalt cement to sand and rock. In highway applications today, especially on the heavily trafficked, heavily loaded Interstate System, special care must be taken to ensure adequate performance of the pavement. For example, asphalt cements today are often modified with various products, such as polymers, to provide added stability to the mixture and avoid both displacement under traffic and fatigue-related distress.
High quality and very durable fine and coarse aggregates are crushed to an angular shape and properly sized prior to incorporation in the final product to provide additional stability to support heavy truck loading.
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But most roadways were made of small stones piled on top of mud, meaning the slightest sprinkling of rainwater could turn the rocky lanes into mucky heaps of disgusting, dangerous slush.
This provided proper drainage to keep roadways from caving in due to excess moisture, preventing potholes. Metcalf famously went the extra mile to advocate for these design changes. Blind from boyhood, he once challenged a colonel to race him to London. Thanks to the rough terrain, Metcalf made his way to the city on foot faster than the military man could get there in his horse-drawn buggy.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the U. While riding on the Lincoln with his Army convoy in , Lt. Colonel Dwight D. Rather than laying down a thin gravel base and slathering it with half a foot of asphalt, South African designers relied on a layer of stone infused with cement about a foot thick as the foundation of the path, then placed a 2-inch-thick strip of asphalt on top.
Trade opened up after Apartheid ended in the s, but no one raced to repave the region: The unique highways proved to be just as strong and resilient as those in other countries. The clever and effective workaround became a subject of fascination for transportation officials from around the world.
In Denmark, government researchers will be testing more than 30 miles of highway built with an earth-conscious asphalt that minimizes friction with tires.
Cars can coast longer, so drivers need to hit the gas less frequently to maintain a steady speed. Fewer presses of the pedal equals less fuel consumption, which helps minimize emissions. Their secret sauce: money.
Not only are these bahns twice as thick as the average U.
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